Thirty years ago this week, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Mikhail Gorbachev, its final leader, resigned in a televised address from his presidential office. Actually, he spoke not from his office but a TV facility in the Kremlin that had been mocked up to look like it. According to Conor O’Clery, a former Moscow correspondent for the Irish Times, nearly thirty staffers from CNN were on hand to film the address. An Associated Press photographer and ABC’s Ted Koppel were also hanging around. Tom Johnson, CNN’s president, furnished the pen with which Gorbachev signed away his power after his own felt tip ran dry; he then surrendered the nuclear briefcase in a corridor as CNN’s crew filed past with its equipment. In the end, “only the Western media was still interested” in what Gorbachev had to say, O’Clery writes. “The Soviet Union expired in a fake presidential office, crowded with Americans, and with the stroke of a German pen provided by a Western media executive.”
The dissolution of the USSR had been expected, if not inevitable, for some time, and was all but sealed earlier in December 1991, when the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus—then still Soviet republics—met at a snowy hunting retreat and declared the union a dead letter in front of a small group of journalists. Press freedom, long curtailed in the Soviet Union, had started to flourish after the mid-eighties, when Gorbachev initiated the process of glasnost, meaning greater openness in public affairs; he envisioned this as being limited, but lost control of his reform project as journalists started to publish information about the Soviet system. As Ann Cooper, who was NPR’s Moscow correspondent at the time, has written, two publications in particular, Ogonyok and Moscow News, pushed the envelope; the latter would sell out so quickly at newsstands that many people had to read display copies in glass cases outside the paper’s offices. In August 1991, when Communist hardliners tried and failed to take power in a coup, journalists were among those who led the fightback, shooting footage of protests and confronting coup leaders with sharp questions. By that time, “the press was incredibly free, and doing good journalism,” Cooper told me yesterday. “It was such a striking contrast with when everything was controlled by the party and the press was just horrible—it was very propagandistic, it was boring, it was gray.”
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Recently, Cooper used an image of people reading Moscow News on the street to open a panel discussion that she convened, at Harvard’s Shorenstein Center, to assess where the press stands now in the fifteen countries that emerged from the USSR’s ashes—a critical question for the state of democracy in a region of three hundred million people that stretches from the European Union to the borders of China and North Korea. Thirty years ago, she said, there was hope that many of the fifteen countries would institutionalize media freedom, but the “reality is not exactly what we imagined back then.” The Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia have been success stories—Reporters Without Borders now ranks them all among the thirty best countries in the world for press freedom—but other post-Soviet nations still have harshly repressive media environments, not least Turkmenistan, which RSF ranks as the third worst country in the world for press freedom, and Belarus, where the dictatorial president, Alexander Lukashenko, has led a brutal recent clampdown on independent journalism, as Charles McPhedran has reported for CJR. Other countries, Cooper says, fall in between, boasting dedicated, if small, cadres of independent reporters working through fluctuating political conditions. They include Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.
The latter country has been in the news in the US a lot lately, due to the specter of Russian invasion along its eastern border, and in November, Ukraine’s media also made headlines among Western media reporters after Adnan Kivan, a construction mogul, abruptly fired the entire staff of the Kyiv Post, a punchy English-language news outlet that he owns. Brian Bonner, the Post’s editor, told CJR’s Maria Bustillos at the time that he thinks Kivan “got tired” of powerful people complaining to him about the Post’s aggressive coverage (Kivan denies this); staffers from the paper have since launched a new site, the Kyiv Independent, and pledged to rely on reader donations for funding rather than “a rich owner or an oligarch.” Oligarchs control much of Ukraine’s press landscape—part of a broader phenomenon of concentrated media ownership across post-Communist Europe that dates back to the rapid privatization of the early nineties and persists to this day, especially in the TV industry. If the Post symbolized Ukraine’s culture of vibrant independent journalism, Kivan’s decision demonstrates its ongoing fragility.
Moldova, a small country nestled between Ukraine and Romania, tends to get less Western media attention, but that’s started to change in the last year following the election of Maia Sandu, a pro-Europe liberal, as president, beating a candidate openly backed by the Kremlin. There, too, a committed community of investigative journalists has worked to expose corruption and abuse, as much of the rest of the media has remained under oligarchic and political influence. Sandu has promised to root out corruption and has won praise from Western leaders, including President Joe Biden, who namechecked Moldova as a beacon of hope for global democracy in a recent speech at the United Nations. Corina Cepoi, a Moldovan journalist who appeared on Cooper’s recent panel, said that the government has already started to push for reforms that would create more transparency around media ownership in the country and perhaps begin to diversify it. Cooper told me, however, that other Moldovan reporters with whom she’s spoken remain somewhat skeptical that Sandu represents a clean break with the past.
Among the post-Soviet countries, Russia still looms largest. State-backed disinformation campaigns have snaked out beyond the country’s borders—Sandu, for instance, has alleged that she was the target of pro-Russian “fake news” as she ran for election in Moldova last year—as the climate for independent journalism within Russia itself has grown increasingly hostile, with officials tarring many news organizations and journalists as “foreign agents” and effectively outlawing others while also expelling foreign correspondents, including, recently, the Dutch newspaper reporter Tom Vennink. Dmitry Muratov, a high-profile Russian journalist, came of journalistic age in the Glasnost era; after the USSR fell and press freedom flowered, he cofounded Novaya Gazeta with some financial support from Gorbachev, who donated some of his Nobel Peace Prize winnings to the publication. Two weeks ago, Muratov himself was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize, as a prominent example of the official threats journalists now face the world over. “Journalism in Russia is going through a dark valley” with some reporters fleeing the country, Muratov said in his Nobel lecture. “That has happened in our history before.”
The conditions for independent journalism may differ between post-Soviet states, but its importance is not in question. In many places, it is barely able to survive; where it has taken root, Cooper told me, it is often still dependent on financial support from Western governments and NGOs that started funding post-Soviet media thirty years ago, and might have hoped that it would be able to support itself by now. It’s tempting, Cooper said, to look at the media landscape in the former USSR and ask, “well, gosh, what really was accomplished? Was thirty years enough?” The answer, she says, is that “thirty years actually wasn’t enough.”
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TOP IMAGE: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev looks downcast as he addresses the Nation to announce his resignation on a TV image taken in Moscow on December 25, 1991. Gorbachev thus ended nearly seven years of power and signalled the end of the Soviet Union which had begun in 1917 with the Revolution. AFP PHOTO TV/APH (Photo credit should read TV GRAB/AFP via Getty Images)
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